Trading Research

This page features various projects I’ve been working on in the past years in my spare time. Most of the projects are just simple statistical studies on market behaviour. These studies can be on technical analysis, fundamentals, and seasonality. All of these works are not finished, nor do I think they will ever be, as the markets are constantly changing over time.

A lot of the studies here have been the basis for developing trading signals and strategies.

Start With A Question

All kinds of knowledge begins with a question. What, Why, When, How. In my experience with testing ideas, it helps to ask the following questions:

1. What is the phenomena/criteria being tested?
- examples of “what”:
a. Technical: Price crossing above a moving average
b. Fundamental: A Low Price-Earnings Ratio
c. Seasonal: August
d. Economic: GDP growth

2. How does the criteria interact with the market? or What is the effect of the criteria on market prices?
- following the above earlier examples:
a. Technical: After a cross-over, prices tend to continue in the direction of the crossover
b. Fundamental: Low PE stocks outperform high PE stocks.
c. Seasonal: Markets trend down every August
d. Economic: Markets follow the trend of the GDP of the country

You can have more elaborate questions than above, but I believe it pays to be simple and specific. We try to find some relationships between a predictor variable (#1) and the market movement (#2).

Gather Data

Once you have formulated a question, the grunt work is gathering and processing data to observe the relationship. Most of the time, this kind of research involves historical data. Although there are numerous software available to test market relationships, I found the most robust and adaptable software is a simple spreadsheet program like Microsoft Excel. This allows me to organize data transparently: each observation is a row on the spreadsheet, while each criteria is a new column.

For example, my spreadsheet might look like this:

The first few columns are my price data, then one column to test for the condition (DOJI) and the last column is the result I am testing (gain tomorrow).

The condition column will contain a simple IF-Then statement to signify the condition as true or false, while the result condition contains a statement to compute for the result. Both columns use the price data of the first columns to generate their results.

e.g. DOJI means IF Open and Close are less than .2% apart. Gain tomorrow is tomorrow’s close less today’s close.

Interpreting the Results

Once all the data is processed similarly, it’s fairly easy to summarize the results into a tabular or graphical format.

In this table, I summarized for instance the result of a combination of two conditions:

a. having a DOJI yesterday
b. the gain/loss on today’s opening

So the permutations are: 1) no doji yesterday, 2) doji yesterday and market opened up, 3) doji yesterday and the market opened down.

The typical results I track are as follows (following the chart above):

Trades – this is simply a count of how many days qualified under each specific condition. This tells me immediately how rare or common the criteria occurs. This gives me an idea of whether the pattern/event happens often enough to be useful in practical trading, and also if the other results are only dependent on a few observations, making them less significant. In general, the more observations the more valuable the insight is.

Results – This is simply a summation of the total market movement/return grouping the conditions together. One good way to look at this is to imagine the sample set of all trading days as a random mix of good and bad days. Once the criteria being tested is used to segregate the days, a positive result means that the criteria was able to group profitable days together, while the opposite is true if the result is negative. A near zero or breakeven result means that the criteria was not effective in grouping the results together.

Win Rate – Apart from the total returns, this statistic shows you how many of those days that are grouped by the criteria were actually net positive. This helps put the total returns in perspective. If the returns are positive, but the win rate is less than 50%, this suggests that the positive return may be due to just a few exceptionally good trades, but in general the ability of the pattern/criteria to group profitable days together is not very good.

Average Win, Average Loss, Win/Loss - These numbers support the relationship of the total results and the win rate. They are computed as follows:
Average Win = Total Returns of Winners / Total Winning Days
Average Loss = Total Losses of Losers / Total Losing Days
Win/Loss = Average Win / Absolute Value(Average Loss)
These numbers show the characteristics of the winning and losing trades that populate the total returns of the criteria. In our earlier example, if results are positive, and win rate is below 50%, this is further supported if average wins are larger than average losses. Therefore, the conclusion is that the criteria may not result in many winning trades, but the winners are considerably larger than the losers.

Expectancy – This is a final observation that combines our knowledge of the winning percentage and the win/loss ratio into a measure we can use to interpret the robustness of the results. It’s computed as:

Winning Percentage x Average Win + (1 – Winning Percentage) x Average Loss

If the number is not only positive, but a large or double digit positive number, this implies that the combination of the winning percentage and win/loss ratios will result in a positive market movement. The opposite is true for negative expectancies. In the chart above, a down close following a doji as a -11 expectancy which reflects a tendency for the market to fall given that condition and the performance measures resulting from that condition.

Testing Relationships

Sometimes, the data will provide you two results which can be related to each other to form further conclusions. For example in the study of dojis above, the summary table implies a relationship between the opening on the market day following a doji day and the close for that day. Using the value for opening and closing on the days following the doji, we can create a scatterplot of the results.

A scatterplot is simply a chart, with the X-axis representing the first value (e.g. the opening result) and the Y-axis representing the second value (e.g. the closing result). Each observation is a dot coordinate on the plot, and the shape of the dots should line up if a relationship exists:

Although not all dots will align perfectly, if a relationship exists between the two values, most dots will align to represent that relationship. For more clarity, a trendline can be automatically generated from the plot to best summarize the fit of all dots. The slope of the trendline will reflect the relationship–if it is upward sloping, the relationship is positive (i.e. results in one value will reflect the result of the next), if downward, the relationship is negative (i.e. results in one value will reflect the opposite of the next).

Insight And Application

Armed with the results above, the tester will then be able to hypothesize first the existence of the relationship, secondly the strength of the relationship, and finally, the conditions contributing to the relationship. This now allows anyone to answer the questions originally formulated.

This kind of analysis is not difficult to understand or do, although admittedly it requires some patience in gathering and summarizing data. However, once the results are in, it is a simpler matter to draw some full or partial conclusions about what the data suggests.

If you find the studies interesting, please leave a comment or some suggestions by emailing me at dligot@yahoo.com. I am very open to collaborate with others who want to conduct their own researches.

Forex
Trading Day Of The Week (TDW) on the GBP/JPY

Stocks
Bernstein Seasonality and the PSEi
Decoupling: DOW and the PSEi
Doji Lines and the PSEi
Intraday V-bottoms and the PSEi
First Trading Days and the PSEi
OOPS on the PSEi
Trading Day Of The Week (TDW) on the PSE Index
Weekend Effect on the PSEi